Mode of Production of Human Resource for Health

Pre-Service Training — Pre-service training is a process through which individuals are made ready to enter a certain kind of professional job like as medicine, engineering, etc. The prerequisite training which people undertake in order to get a service job. The training is given before requirement. VHW, ANM, AHW, computer, driving are the examples of pre-service training. This type of training is also considered as technical education and/or vocational training which focus more in practical or skill development. In this type of training, individuals have to attend regular classes in a formal institution and need to complete a definite curriculum and courses successfully to receive a formal degree or diploma. They are not entitled to get a professional job unless they can earn a certificate, diploma, or degree from the recognized institution. Pre-service training contents emphasize mostly technical subject matter such as medical, nursing, laboratory, etc.

In-service training — It is a process of staff development for the purpose of improving the performance of an incumbent holding a position with assigned job responsibilities. It promotes the professional growth of individuals. "It is a program designed to strengthen the competencies of extension workers while they are on the job". In-service training is problem-centered, learner-oriented, and time-bound series of activities which provide the opportunity to develop a sense of purpose, broaden perception of the clientele, and increase capacity to gain knowledge and mastery of techniques. This training is short term for personnel involved in the job. The focus of in-service training is usually on a single course. In-service training may broadly be categorized into seven different types — Induction or Orientation Training, Basic Training, On-the-Job Training, Refresher or Maintenance Training, Career Development Training, Specialized Training, and Training of Trainers. All of these types of training are needed for the proper development of employees throughout their service life. In-service training is most effective in a real situation if possible (e.g., in clinical settings for clinical training, MRT, CAC, PAC).

Basic Training: This is long term training given just after the recruitment of a group of persons to a job. The training intends to develop the KSA (knowledge, skills, and abilities) of person who is responsible to perform certain activities. Minilap, Norplant, IUD are examples for first time. This training is also appropriate for newly recruited personnel. Besides technical competence and routine instruction about the organization, every staff member needs some professional knowledge about various rules and regulations of the government, administrative capability, communication skills, leadership ability, coordination and cooperation among institutions and their linkage mechanism, report writing, and so on. This type of training is made available to employees to strengthen the foundation of their service career. This training is usually provided at an early stage of service life.

Refresher training: This is short term training aims to refresh the learning in the basic training and to learn new things that is changed for immediate application and practice of the knowledge, skills (May be new) and attitude which is very needful to perform certain job. This type of training keeps the concerned personnel updated and enables them to add to the knowledge and skills they have gained already.  Thus, this training is also known as maintenance training. Minilap, Norplant, IUD are examples. 

On the Job Training (OJT): This training is imparted by the supervisor in the job situation of an employee or a person. It helps the worker in correcting minor mistakes during job performance.

Field Training: This is a part of all types of training. It has a job oriented focus used during training relating to theory and practice. It helps in getting situational experiences in the field setting. This is a very effective part of any training program and it gives an opportunity to learn from practical situation.

Formal academic training:  Formal academic trainings are these trainings which are qualified as academic career. Certificate trainings like SN, HA, Lab Tech are examples.

Formal non academic training: Formal non-academic trainings are these trainings which are not qualified as academic career.  ANM, CMA, Lab assistant are examples.

Orientation training: This training gives introductory information and skills for some services offered for new employees to start the job. The orientation training is given to the persons who have been recruited for a particular job.